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September 6, 2012

By David Fox Buy quick bust online without prescription, In the era of the Arab Spring, many wonder how the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has managed to weather the storm of regional unrest with such apparent ease. The answer to this question in part lies in the construction of the country's parliamentary system, which on the surface gives the kingdom the veneer of a semi-democratic state. Upon closer examination though, Quick bust cost, the Parliament can be seen a mere pressure release valve for the regime and source of political distraction for the general population. It is designed to fail as a legislative body, and the recent streak of parliamentary absurdities prove that it is performing exactly according to design.

Built-in Weaknesses

When the Parliament was re-instituted by King Hussein following social unrest in 1989, voters were allowed to cast one vote for each seat in their voting district, compare quick bust prices online. When Islamist candidates performed well and regime loyalists faired poorly, King Hussein acted decisively to tilt the system in his favor, buy quick bust online without prescription. Therefore in the next elections in 1993, the voting system was changed to a 'one person, one vote' system, Purchase quick bust overnight delivery, known in academic terms as the standard non-transferable vote, or SNTV. To provide some perspective, the SNTV system is only used by three other countries in the world: Afghanistan, Thailand, quick bust no online prescription, and Indonesia.

With the SNTV voting system King Hussein expected that a large number of voters would feel compelled to use their single vote for a member of their extended family or tribe, regardless of his or her views, Order quick bust no rx, rather than on a candidate from a political party. In a social environment where family is everything and tribal affiliations are strong, independent candidates nominated through a patriarchic tribal vetting system have triumphed over organized parties, especially the most established and well-organized, the Muslim Brotherhood's Islamic Action Front (IAF) party, quick bust online sales. This has meant that independent candidates who may have few qualifications or any semblance of a political platform (outside of pledges to provide services for their key local constituencies) dominate in the Parliament at the expense of parties that have more detailed national agendas Buy quick bust online without prescription, .

Another political stumbling block in the electoral system is the disproportionate allocation of electoral seats to East Bank, tribal communities, rather than using demographic proportionality as the basis for seat allocation. Buy discount quick bust, This enhances the negative effect of the above-described SNTV system, as the political effect of tribal affiliations are stronger outside of urban settings. Using 2008 population figures and the electoral seat distribution in the 2010 Lower House elections, we can see that the disparity in representation among Jordan's 12 governorates is enormous; the most represented governorate, Tafileh, buying generic quick bust, has one representative per 16 thousand residents, while the least represented governorate, the capital governorate of Amman, Quick bust online stores, has one MP per 83 thousand residents. Jordan's other two governorates dominated by urban centers, Zarqa and Irbid, have the 2nd and 3rd least representation, approximately 73 thousand and 58 thousand residents for each MP, find quick bust without prescription, respectively. The average amount of the representation for the remaining nine rural governorates is 27 thousand residents per MP, buy quick bust online without prescription.

Several other features of the electoral system contribute to making it a regressive, unrepresentative body, Buy quick bust cheap, including - paradoxically - the women's quota. Each governorate is allotted a quota of one woman for a parliamentary seat. In the rural governorates, these women are vetted through male-dominated tribal patriarchies, with female candidates expected to take the 'tribal line' on issues, cheapest quick bust price, including support for honor crimes and other forms of institutionalized gender discrimination. If we consider the women elected to parliament as the voice for women in their respective governorates, than the modern, Buy quick bust from canada, socially and economically empowered women of Amman face severe discrimination in comparison to women from the rural governorates. Buy quick bust online without prescription, The women of Amman are, for example 27 times less represented in Parliament than Jordan's least populated governorate, Tafileh.

The Result: Political Theater

When the Parliament or individual MPs make news in Jordan, it's never for anything positive. During the tenure of the current 16th Parliament, the stories have ranged from absurd to criminal, cheap quick bust no prescription. Most recently, Madaba MP Muhammad Shawabka pulled a gun on a political critic on a live television broadcast. An MP from Amman, Buy quick bust from india, Yahya Saud, has assaulted or attempted to assault fellow parliamentarians on multiple occasions on the floor of the Parliament (and elsewhere), while also inciting a mob that destroyed the Jordan office of Agence France-Press. Neither one has faced criminal prosecution, indicating that their behavior is, at the very least, passively sanctioned by the regime, buy quick bust online without prescription.

The Parliament's two most notable legislative achievements have been the passage of a bill awarding parliamentarians lifetime pensions (regardless of the amount of time in service) and a bill giving each member a temporary diplomatic passport. Earlier parliaments have voted to uphold internationally embarrassing laws that provide lenient sentences for so called honor crimes against women, clemency for rapists who marry their victims, quick bust price, and gender-discriminatory nationality laws. It is rare to find a Jordanian who has anything positive to say about the 16th Parliament, and there have been public calls for its dissolution. Quick bust cheap drug, [caption id="attachment_13455" align="alignright" width="266"] Election Campaign Tent, 2010. Photo by Nabil Khoury[/caption]

The Need for Comprehensive Reform

Why all the obstacles to parliamentary reform then. Buy quick bust online without prescription, Why not throw out the SNTV election system in favor of multiple votes in each electoral district, with the goal of building viable political parties. Why not give the more progressive, cosmopolitan urban centers the number of representatives that, quick bust without rx, by population size, they are entitled to.

At the foundation of the problem is the ugliness of Jordanian zero-sum politics; East Bank Jordanian leaders fear urban Palestinian communities gaining more representation in Parliament, Certified quick bust, despite the fact that such a shift would better be described as a move towards political equality rather than “taking away” power from the East Bankers. The “native” Jordanians also join the monarchy in their wariness towards Islamist party politics, seen as a potential source of instability, a challenge to the status quo, and dominated by Palestinians (and thus to be doubly feared), find discount quick bust.

In short, the current status quo can best be described as a giant game of tug-of-war; groups battle for a larger share of the parliamentary pie, sometimes winning additional seats here and there, sometimes losing them, but ultimately destined not to make any progress. Gains (or losses) for all of the stakeholders are measured in inches, when in fact the system as a whole needs to move miles to be an effective legislative body, buy quick bust online without prescription.

A push by the monarchy to institute fair election laws based on clear, unbiased districting and proportional representation would be incredibly risky, as would the abandonment of the SNTV voting system. Conventional wisdom would predict East Bank hostility to such change, but not all East Bank Jordanians are buying into the old zero-sum mentality.

Some of the most vocal voices for political reform have been youth groups from East Bank backgrounds. There is a growing recognition that despite their over-representation in the parliamentary system, they have been failed nonetheless; inept MPs have brought nothing but stagnant social and economic development in Jordan's rural governorates, and the youth have recognized that the status quo is not working in their favor.

While political wrangling on reforming the election law is an almost reassuring constant, ultimately the buck stops with King Abdullah II. The flawed electoral system created by the father can only be reformed unilaterally by the son, who still holds on tightly to the levers of power. But then again, why would the King make the much-needed reforms, when all the parliamentary commotion makes for such a marvelous distraction.

Yasser

I think the introductory sentence (re: Arab Spring) is
completely detached from the rest of the article. In my opinion, while the
author says “The answer to this question [in part] lies in the ….”.
I think the part he is referring to is about less than 1%. The author would
have been better served to simple write his article regarding the pros &
cons of the Jordanian parliamentary system, rather than try to sex it up by a silly
reference to Arab Spring.

Context-Setter

In the intro sentence the author sets the context for the rest of the article and asks a question upon which the article is constructed.

In my opinion, the buck-passing here between Regime and “Government” is very much responsible for why there hasn’t been major political turnover yet. Blame has not been focused, and there hasn’t been a unified voice to oust anyone in particular.

What else is responsible? Intelligence? Military? Laziness? Please give your ideas instead of blasting the author.

Musa Alshuqairi

Good sum up, although may not be very accurate on some assessments.
Three main issues to point out:

-The regime systematically and gradually corrupted the political life in Jordan, and continues to do so, mainly through election laws but also through other tactics.The change between the 1989 and the 1993 parliaments was not that drastic when it comes to the winning MPs. Despite the change in the elections law, the IAF did not lose many seats and their most prominent figures were present at the 1993 parliament.
The real disaster of the “one man one vote” election law was the long term effect that stunted the development of the political life in Jordan and eventually killed it, castrating the parliamentary institution altogether in the process.

-Hence, the problem today is not simply the election law. While it is essential that the law is changed as a first step toward reform, it is not enough as the parliament has reached the point of incompetence as an institution.

The problem is not the names of the MPs. It is not who is representing the women of Jordan. The problem is definitely not the representation of urban versus rural, and the problem never was and never will be East and West Jordanian representation – as all these percentages will eventually straighten themselves out as a result of a true gradual democratic process that the regime refuses to start.
The main problem is the role (or lack of role) of the parliament in the regime in its current autocratic format, and the fundamental refusal of the regime to give the power concessions to the parliament to allow it to practice its legislative and regulatory roles.

In conclusion, regardless of the election law, without the real will to handover the power of decision making to the people through the parliament, and surrendering to the parliament its constitutional roles, the parliament will continue to be “political theater”.

How is the election law relevant when we already know that elections can always be rigged (200,2007,2010) to fill up the parliament with enough regime goons to turn the whole institution into a farce? How is the election law an issue when the MPs can be subjected to pressure to vote according to the instructions of the regime’s security apparatus? And how can the parliament be functional under its current its absurd “internal process” which is a neglected crucial issue that is hardly ever brought up?

-Finally, expecting the King himself to lead the process of amending the election law and starting the reform process is naive Soliciting reform from the king (pathetically and hopelessly) is nothing more than a continuation regime propaganda and lip service. It is evident by now that any steps towards true reform is a threat to the King’s current sole-decision-maker absolute-leader status; a position that he is clearly not willing to surrender (for many reasons, one of which could be financial), and it is clear that he does not see any convincing reasons for which he should even consider compromising that position.
aflaton

one of the more lucid pieces on the subject. However, the palestinian-east jordanian divide is only one of many fault lines accounting for the status quo. The author misses the inter-elite strife among the east Jordanians, and especially the tug of war between the old guard who are vested in the system, and the younger generation who are more willing to push a citizenship based model for politics. Nonetheless a great piece
Jawad

Interesting analysis however the weight given by the author to the East Bank – Palestinian issue is way of kilter. Yes the issue is talked about, but more on the lines of ISRAEL OCCUPIES PALESTINE, which is the reason why this discussion is taking place, and not so much as squabbling for a bigger piece of a pie.
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